National Institutes of Health (Xin Zhang, James D. Krier, Carolina Amador Carrascal, James F. Greenleaf, Behzad Ebrahimi, Ahmad F. Hedayat, Stephen C. Textor, Amir Lerman, and Lilach O. Lerman 2016) – Microvascular rarefaction distal to renal artery stenosis is linked to renal dysfunction and poor outcomes. Low–energy shockwave therapy stimulates angiogenesis, but the effect on the kidney microvasculature is unknown. We hypothesized that low–energy shockwave therapy would restore the microcirculation and alleviate renal dysfunction in renovascular disease.